The reasons for the appearance of pigment spots on the skin of the face in women: why they began to appear, why they appear on the cheekbones, treatment for the appearance of pigments, what they look like, what they are, types

Currently, an urgent problem in cosmetology is the treatment of diseases accompanied by disorders of pigment formation. Excessive synthesis of the melanin pigment in the skin can be caused by various factors:

hereditary predisposition;
endocrine pathologies;
metabolic disorders in the body;
physical and chemical influences (UV radiation, chemical or thermal burns, etc.);
taking certain medications;
inflammatory processes.

Hyperpigmentation is divided into primary (congenital) and secondary (also called post-infectious or post-inflammatory). According to the degree of distribution, they are localized and generalized.

How is it formed

Every person from birth has a genetically determined skin color - the so-called permanent pigment.
When exposed to external and internal factors, an additional one is produced, which can be either a temporary physiological phenomenon (natural tanning) or a pathological one, difficult to remove even with special lasers (lentigo, vitiligo, etc.). The formation mechanism itself occurs in the epidermal layer. Here are located keratinocytes - epidermal cells. Their life cycle is up to 60 days, so they are constantly updated. To protect young and vulnerable cellular structures from sun exposure, melanocytes exist. They belong to the nervous system and are called upon to produce melanin, which absorbs ultraviolet radiation.

If the body is healthy, there is no overdose of solar radiation, melanocytes will produce a sufficient amount of protection. However, if there are failures, the “protectors” begin to be distributed unevenly, which leads to the formation of hyperpigmented areas.

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Causes of hyperpigmentation

An increase in melanin production can be associated both with physiological changes occurring in the body and as a result of pathologies. The most well-known factors influencing the occurrence of stains are:

endocrine diseases;
hormonal changes during pregnancy or menopause;
diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and adrenal glands;
metabolic disorder;
vitamin deficiency or hypervitaminosis;
helminthic infestations;
severe intoxication of the body;
trauma or inflammatory processes;
prolonged exposure to the sun;
taking medications - antibiotics of the tetracycline group, gentamicins, erythromycins, as well as some NSAIDs, salicylic acid, antidepressants, diuretics, sleeping pills and sedatives, antihistamines, St. John's wort extract, etc.;
heredity.

Changes can also appear due to prolonged stress. Since melanocytes belong to the nervous system, any fluctuations and unstable conditions lead to serious pigmentation disorders.

Localization of spots

They can have different sizes, both with clear contours and blurry ones, merge together or not grow at all. Depending on the differential diagnosis and the type of hypermelanosis, they can be located both in certain areas and without specific boundaries, covering absolutely any area of the body.

On the face

One of the most common sites of localization of many hyperpigmentations. This is due to the fact that the skin here is thin enough so that negative factors can attack them faster. Among the common phenomena are freckles, which can decorate the face all year round and also appear and disappear after exposure to the sun. They are also localized over the entire surface or located pointwise in the area of the cheeks, eyes, and forehead.

Anti-age drugs

Bb Laboratories – Delicate oil for deep cleansing

Laennec – solution for injection

Bb Laboratories – Two-phase serum concentrate

Two-phase placental serum concentrate

On the body

Namely on the arms, shoulders, chest, back, groin area. For each individual disease, there are areas where pigment accumulation is observed. For example, senile hyperpigmentation is typically located on the hands, forearms, and upper back.

Aging lips

What happens to lips as you age?

the corners are lowered
the contour is smoothed out
lip volume decreases
purse string wrinkles form
a “weathered” effect appears - dryness and more wrinkles
Initially thin lips hide with age so that you can’t find them

After beautification:

They become the same as before, there is no need to change the shape at all, you can simply restore the contour and add light volume

corners are raised - no more sadness

restored lip contour is the prevention of purse-string wrinkles, lipstick does not spread onto the skin along the creases

joy and desire to stick to every mirror - 100%

Attention! There will be additional expenses for new lipsticks

Cosmetologist's work with aging lips

After about 30 years, the quality of the skin begins to change, its middle layers lose collagen and elastin fibers, the skin becomes less elastic, its tone and moisture decrease. And of course, all these sad changes also apply to the red border of the lips. Closer to 40-45 years, or even earlier, all signs of lip fading appear fully.
The contour of the lips settles
“Cupid's Bow” and the columns of the philtrum also settle, and along with them and the contour, clarity and shape disappear. The older a person is, the more the lips change in shape from their original youthful state.
The clear bow of the lips becomes flat, the lips lose volume, seem to shrink and become covered with additional transverse folds.
Thin purse-string wrinkles, also called “barcode”, begin to dot the skin of the upper and sometimes lower lip, extend to the vermilion border itself, and the contour no longer holds them as before in youth. Lipstick and gloss spread along these small wrinkles, from the lips onto the white skin - this is a sign that you should think about rejuvenating this area.
The corners of the lips droop, creating a sad expression on the face
Losing volume, lips become flatter and thinner, sometimes previously invisible asymmetry becomes visible.

Solution

Restoration (with filler) based on hyaluronic acid of the lip contour, “Cupid’s bow” and columns of the filtrum, soft reversal of the corners of the lips, as well as the upper and lower lips to restore the original size and volume.
Danger:

A cosmetologist has no right to make a mistake when choosing the volume of the drug, especially when the patient is over 45-50 years old. Aging lips do not forgive excess of the drug and ill-conceived injection technique, and unnaturalness and “puffiness” of the lips cheapen a woman’s appearance and create the impression of a desperate pursuit of youth.

Pros:

“With the correct selection of the drug and high-quality procedure technique, the results of such corrections are simply amazing. This is one of the most rewarding procedures in terms of effectiveness. Lip beauty alone can take 5-7 years off your face, let alone complex facial corrections.

Types and symptoms of age spots

Let's consider the most characteristic signs of hypermelanosis, as well as control methods that are relevant for each specific type of pathology.

Freckles

The most common type of melanin accumulation. They are mainly located on the face, in the cheek area. In advanced cases, they can completely cover the entire surface of the skin with small distances between the spots. And also have a round or oval shape, small diameter, clear contours.

Genetic predisposition plays a major role, so freckles can appear in childhood. People with red and blond hair are most susceptible to them. This is due to the need for high melanin production to protect the skin.

Freckles can be easily distinguished from other types of spots by the complete disappearance of pigmentation in cold weather, and the appearance of a whole scattering on the face with the arrival of warmth. Therefore, to combat them, creams with maximum sun filters are used throughout the year, as well as lightening cosmetics.

Melasma

Spots without clear boundaries and endings, varying in shade from bronze to dark brown. They have the ability to stretch, grow, and merge with each other into huge pigmented areas that occupy a large surface of the body. The main provoking factor is considered to be hormonal disorders caused by menopause, pregnancy, and the use of oral contraceptives. Treatments include peeling methods and procedures that promote cell renewal. When the root causes are eliminated, the stains quickly disappear.

Melasma

The second name is melanosis. It can be acquired or hereditary, manifests itself in the form of an accumulation of melanin with uneven but clear boundaries and localization in open areas of the body. May occur as a result of Addison's disease, hemochromatosis, due to sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation, anthracene or acridine substances, diseases of the pituitary gland, ovaries, adrenal glands, syphilis, tuberculosis, malaria, treatment with hormones. Pigmentation is accompanied by redness, itching, peeling, and roughening of the skin.

To prevent progress, sunscreens are used, drug therapy is prescribed with steroid groups, retinoids, hydroacids, and vitamins B (1.6) and C are additionally used.

Becker's nevus

A characteristic defect in men, it is much less common in women. The first manifestations can be as early as 10 years of age. It is a hyperpigmented area protruding above the surface of the skin, on which dark long hairs grow. It occurs both as a result of genetic factors and can appear after sun exposure, changes in hormonal levels, in particular androgens. The location most often is the upper back and chest; it is not often found on the legs, groin, or head. It has a warty surface on which acne or comedones can be seen. Does not respond well to any cosmetic procedures or medications. An argon laser is used to minimize the aesthetic defect.

Secondary

Occurs at the site of mechanical damage. They can be either deep cuts, scratches, or acne, comedones, ulcers and other superficial causes that trigger the inflammatory process in the skin cells. There is an excess of melanin, resulting in staining. They are localized where the damage was and go away after the area returns to normal and the inflammation disappears. To speed up the lightening process, you can use special lightening creams or cosmetic procedures aimed at renewing the epidermal layer.

Age

As we age, the negative effects of ultraviolet radiation lead to increased melanin production in certain areas of the body. These are usually open areas that have been exposed to a lot of sunlight during their lifetime. With age, spots appear with a diameter of 1 to 5 cm, which are darker in color than the entire surface of the skin.

Berlocc's dermatitis

Refers to contact types of immune response to irritants. Usually due to contact with perfumes, colognes, and deodorants. It is located where the skin came into contact with the substance. Symptoms may include not only a change in the color of the dermal layer, but also itching, peeling, and swelling. It disappears quickly, just stop using perfume and in a few days everything will return to normal.

Chloasma

Large spots can merge into one large skin defect. They do not have a clear contour or boundaries and can grow and increase in size throughout life. Among the provoking factors are pregnancy and lactation, menopause, changes in hormonal levels due to diseases, stress, taking oral contraceptives, steroids, the use of hormone-containing ointments and some cosmetics.

Do you need a tint?

Korean tint is not like the lipstick or gloss we are used to. The result of its use is similar to coloring the skin with beetroot or carrot juice - the pigment also naturally and firmly eats into the lips, giving them the desired shade. This means that the product is ideal for everyone who is a fan of natural and weightless makeup. It can be used as a stand-alone product or as an indestructible backing for lipstick, and can also be combined with other shades. Do you need it in your cosmetic bag? Definitely yes! Be sure to check out this new product, and I’m sure it will take its rightful place in your collection of must-have products!

With wishes of pleasant beauty finds (and more), Nastya Vorobyova.

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What causes pigment spots to appear on the face after sunbathing?

Most manifestations of hyperpigmentation occur after the negative effects of ultraviolet rays. Among those that immediately appear are freckles, various melasma and chloasma. There are also those that have a cumulative effect, for example, lentigo.

Also, if during the summer vacation there were inflammatory processes in open areas of the body, most likely after they heal, a change in shade can be clearly observed.

Prolonged exposure to the hot sun with the presence of existing tumors and increased pigmentation can be fraught with the degeneration of harmless spots into aggressive cancer - melanoma. Therefore, you should limit your tanning time and use special cosmetics for protection.

Indications and contraindications

Often, representatives of the fairer sex, wanting to tattoo their lips and eyebrows, are afraid that this type of makeup can harm their health. Therefore, we will consider in what cases permanent makeup is recommended, and in what cases it is strictly contraindicated.

Indications for lip tattoos

The list of indications for lip tattoos includes the following items:

no time for lip makeup;
Frequent use of water procedures, visits to the pool and beach holidays do not allow you to maintain makeup;
naturally ugly lips that even lipstick cannot give beauty;
there is a desire to have plump lips;
the presence of an asymmetrical shape of the lips and drooping corners;
presence of pale lips.

Indications for eyebrow tattoos

The list of indications for performing this procedure consists of the following factors:

desire to change shape;
the presence of an allergic reaction to cosmetics;
eyebrow loss occurred;
the face is damaged by injuries;
the shape of the face has become worse due to plastic surgery;
the presence of defects on the face.

Contraindications for lip and eyebrow tattooing

Regardless of the wide range of indications, lip and eyebrow tattooing has general categorical contraindications that you should definitely be aware of. Let's look at the list of diseases for which tattooing of eyebrows and lips is strictly prohibited. This:

insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus;
poor blood clotting;
presence of neoplasms;
the presence of chronic diseases that occur in acute form;
mental illness;
febrile manifestations;
epilepsy;
inflammatory processes of any nature;
predisposition to the formation of keloid scars.

If you have at least one of these diseases, tattooing is strictly prohibited. But in some cases, doctors allow it under their own control. For example, it is necessary to create the shape of eyebrows that have fallen out after chemotherapy.

In addition to strict contraindications, there are relative prohibitions. They occur when:

have hypertension (it is necessary to reduce blood pressure before the procedure);
pregnancy (lactation) has been confirmed;
Herpes manifests itself in an acute state;
menstruation is coming.

Age spots and peeling

Melanin accumulation occurs in the upper layers of the epidermis. In order to remove unaesthetic problems, products that stimulate the renewal of the dermis are used. The most effective peelings are: chemical, mechanical, laser. They promote the regeneration of epidermal cells, forcing keratinocytes to produce new ones as quickly as possible, which will not have a large accumulation of coloring pigment. When eliminating the root causes of hyperpigmentation, there is a chance that you will forget about various spots for a long time.

Advantages and disadvantages

Before embarking on a radical correction of eyebrows and lips using tattooing, it is worth studying both the positive and negative aspects of these procedures. The portfolios of all masters contain impeccable work. However, in life, not everything always turns out as beautiful as in the image.

Pros and cons of eyebrow tattooing

Representatives of the fair sex are encouraged to perform eyebrow tattooing by numerous positive aspects of the procedure:

After permanent makeup is applied by a master, the eyebrows get a beautiful shape, match the oval of the face, and save time on makeup. Under the influence of external factors, beautiful brow ridges do not lose their attractive appearance.
Those with light eyebrows can enhance their look by giving them any shape.
6D and 3D methods give a natural look to the eyebrows.
The artificial color looks impressive for up to three years, after which it will require minor corrections. Without touch-ups, the artificial pattern will be completely removed only after 7 years.
The presence of a variety of drawing techniques allows you to make a shadow, watercolor drawing, add hairiness or create a new shape to the brow ridges.
With the help of permanent, it became possible to disguise scars and facial defects.

The main disadvantages of the procedure include:

There is a risk of ending up “in the hands” of an inexperienced makeup artist, whose work may not only fail to bring the desired result, but also spoil natural beauty.
Feeling pain during the procedure. Local anesthesia cannot provide complete pain relief.
Due to the procedure, the roots of the hairs are damaged, which will ultimately lead to their partial loss.
Due to constant staining at injection sites, the skin loses its elasticity and ability to recover.
After the work of an inexperienced master, removing the pigment will be difficult, time-consuming and expensive.
Hairy tattooing should not be done on women who have naturally oily skin, as the strokes will blur after a few months.

Pros and cons of lip tattooing

Representatives of the fairer sex often resort to lip tattooing due to its many advantages. Let's consider the main ones:

The procedure allows you to always look beautiful.
With the help of tattooing you can disguise distorted lips, hide defects and scars.
Tattooing allows you to change the shape of your lips and give them a suitable color.
A one-time procedure allows you to forget about daily makeup application for a long period of time.
External factors cannot have any influence on the artificial color and shape of the lips.

When starting the procedure of salon lip tattooing, women should always remember the negative aspects of such permanent makeup, due to which:

Lip color changes.
After the injections, there will be some swelling and a long healing process.
There is a risk of dangerous infections and allergies. Therefore, you will need to take antibacterial medications for 5 days.
The procedure is most often accompanied by pain.
After the wounds heal, some correction will be required.

Causeless manifestations

It happens that people try to protect their skin, use special sunscreens, but hyperpigmented areas still appear. It's like it happens for no apparent reason. However, for melanocytes to malfunction, even a small but prolonged stress or temporary hormonal imbalance is enough.

It is also worth noting the cumulative negative effect of ultraviolet radiation, which can manifest itself over the years on areas of the body that received sunburn in early childhood. Therefore, only at first glance it seems that hypermelanosis arose without provoking factors. In fact, he has hidden reasons.

Post-procedure care

Considering that eyebrow and lip tattoos are performed by piercing the skin with a needle and introducing a foreign coloring pigment, the top layer of skin becomes inflamed in the first days, turns red and secretes ichor. Therefore, for 7 days after the procedure, it is necessary to properly care for the area subjected to correction.

Care after eyebrow tattoo

After this procedure, experts recommend using any healing cream that does not contain alcohol to quickly heal wounds. This could be Rescuer ointment, Solcoseryl, Panthenol, Contractubex.

During the healing process you cannot:

rub inflamed areas;
peel off the crust;
go to the bathhouse, take a steam bath;
apply cosmetic compositions to the eyebrows;
pull out hairs;
wet and air the inflamed areas for the first 3 days until a crust appears;
drink alcohol (as it reduces immunity).

Liver pigment spots

Deterioration in the functionality of internal organs can also lead to the formation of aesthetic defects. The liver plays the role of a filter, retaining and processing all dangerous substances, and then removing them from the body. In cases where she fails to cope with her duties, slow but sure intoxication occurs, which is manifested not only by internal, but also by external pathologies.

Metabolic processes in tissues are disrupted, including the normal distribution of melanin; it accumulates in certain areas. Most often it appears on the face. The contours of such spots are not uniform, they do not have a clear boundary. The color can also vary from light to dark brown.

What is tattooing?

Tattooing refers to permanent makeup, which is applied according to a principle similar to a tattoo. But tattooing, unlike tattoos, disappears over time. This metamorphosis is explained by the fact that a dye is introduced under the human skin to a depth of no more than 1 mm. The most popular tattooing today is eyebrow tattooing, as well as lip tattooing. We will devote this article to their description.

What is lip tattoo

Lip tattooing involves changing the lip line by drawing it more clearly. Lip tattooing allows you not only to change the contour, but also to make it more correct. Permanent lip makeup allows you to give up the daily application of lipstick and pencil to your lips.

What is eyebrow tattooing

Eyebrow tattooing is a popular service among ladies, which allows you not only to add richness to your eyebrows, but also to change their shape. Eyebrow tattooing frees the fair sex from the daily task of drawing in eyebrows with a pencil.

Lentigo

The phenomenon is popularly known as “senile ripples.” Appears in older people in areas of the body that have been exposed to intense ultraviolet rays throughout their lives. The pigment usually appears on the arms from the hands to the top of the shoulders, upper back, décolleté, and face. It is distinguished by its small size, different diameters and chaotic arrangement of spots.

The first manifestations can be noticed after 40 years; they noticeably age the appearance, so many people at this stage turn to cosmetologists to eliminate the defect. During menopause, hormonal changes lead to an increase in the amount of pigment. Chemical, mechanical and laser peels are used for treatment. Cosmetics and whitening creams will not cope with the problem.

The evolution of permanent makeup

In the past, tattooing was limited to the contour of the lips, and the color of the pigments was noticeably different from the natural shade. The contour turned out to be contrasting, as if the lips were outlined with a pencil, but not painted with lipstick. The result helped in applying makeup, but in itself looked unnatural.

But the demand for the service has not gone away, because girls will always have a request for procedures with which you are confident in your beauty 24 hours a day, anytime and anywhere, regardless of makeup.

The situation has changed: the procedure has developed in techniques, materials and equipment. Indications for permanent lip treatment are as follows:

Correction of asymmetry or inharmonious shape
Correcting a blurry, unclear outline
Visual lip augmentation without fillers
Adding a luscious tint so your lips don't look pale without makeup

Nowadays it is not customary to do just the contour of the lips, since the effect is too unnatural. The depth of pigment injection is less than 1 mm, the result lasts about 2 years and fades smoothly and imperceptibly as skin cells renew.

The stages of the procedure invariably include cleansing, primary anesthesia, and the procedure itself with the PM apparatus. During the work, secondary anesthesia is often used to reduce the client’s discomfort to a minimum.

Solarium - is it harmful?

It is also a mistake to think that sun tanning is harmful, and nothing will happen in specialized salons in a few minutes. On the beach, the skin gets a lot of heat, but this happens gradually. In the booths, a loading dose of ultraviolet radiation is given in a few minutes, which is difficult to obtain outdoors even in a whole day.

People with a fair skin type, with the presence of moles and nevi, freckles, existing aesthetic defects in the form of increased melanin production, need to get rid of the habit of visiting a solarium. The consequences can be expressed both in the progression of unsightly changes in the epidermal layer, and in their degeneration into malignant neoplasms.

Types of tattooing

Since permanent makeup has become very popular today, many types of lip and eyebrow tattooing have appeared. Let's look at them below.

Types of permanent lip makeup

Permanent lip makeup is achieved today through the use of various techniques. This:

"Contouring" . In this case, the master applies pigment along the lip line. This method involves the artist using a tattoo machine and introducing a pigment that will match the natural color of the lips.
"Contour with shading" . This method involves performing the contour first, and then the shading procedure. As a result, you will be able to obtain a well-defined natural beauty of the lips.
"Easy watercolor" . This technique involves introducing soft pigment paints into the upper subcutaneous layer of the lips (to a depth of no more than 1 mm). Only after this is shading carried out.
3D technique . First, the master and the client select a pigment shade that matches the color of the salon visitor’s lips. After local anesthesia, a special mineral-based dye is injected. The second stage is a new procedure that involves shading the paint over the entire surface.

Types of eyebrow tattoo

Eyebrow tattooing comes in different forms. The type of tattoo depends on the chosen technique. Today in demand:

the shot technique (also called the shading technique), the eyebrows end up looking like they have been tinted with shadow or shaded. This technique is suitable for those who do not want to radically change anything in their appearance. Shotting allows you to hide unevenness and neatly camouflage bald spots. The shot technique is also called the “ten-minute method.” Tattooing using this technique is done as follows: the artist visually divides the eyebrow into two equal parts, a bright dark pigment is injected subcutaneously into the center of the brow arch, gradually moving to each edge of the brow arch, the artist uses a coloring pigment of a lighter shade. This method allows your eyebrows to look beautiful and natural.
Drawing technique. Its essence is that the master draws on the hairs, which become very similar to natural ones. This hair technique is divided into the Eastern method and the European method. The European technique is simpler, as it involves drawing hairs of the same length, one after another. Eastern technique involves drawing hairs of different lengths and at different angles. This type of eyebrow tattoo allows the brow ridges to look as natural as possible.
3D technology. This method involves a combination of shooting and the method of drawing hairs.

Diagnostics

To accurately determine the type of hypermelanosis, as well as to identify effective means of control, you need to contact a dermatologist. At the initial visit, the doctor will collect the patient's medical history to determine the most likely internal and external factors that will indicate a certain type of disorder. He will examine the skin and also prescribe a number of tests:

AOK and OAM;
blood biochemistry;
Wood's lamp tests;
scraping;
biopsy.

If a malignant neoplasm or fungal infection is suspected, referrals will be given for the last two procedures on the list. As a result, the specialist will be able to accurately determine the type of illness and prescribe therapeutic or cosmetic procedures.

Anti-age drugs

Bb Laboratories – Hyaluron-elastin-collagen extract

Laennec – solution for injection

Curacen Essence (20 fl x 2 ml)

Two-phase placental serum concentrate

Stages

There are four stages of lip cancer.

The size of the neoplasm is small and does not exceed 2 centimeters; the malignant tissue is concentrated within the lip. Lymph nodes are not affected, there are no metastases.
The pathological tissue increases in size up to 4 centimeters, but the lymph nodes are not affected and there are no metastases.
The tumor exceeds 4 centimeters in diameter and affects one or two regional lymph nodes.
Malignant tissue spreads to the jaw bones, tongue, maxillary sinus, or penetrates the masticatory muscles and pterygoid process, reaches the carotid artery and grows into the base of the skull.

How to fight

Among the modern and effective methods of struggle, it is worth highlighting:

cosmetic preparations;
laser peeling;
phototherapy.

Depending on the variety, medications may be prescribed to address the underlying causes. However, to remove an aesthetic defect, it will be necessary to wait for the cell surface to renew itself, or to help it renew itself faster with the help of additional deep peeling and cosmetic photorejuvenation procedures.

Cosmetic preparations

Among the popular drugs that give noticeable results in the fight against hyperpigmentation are placental products with a high content of natural peptides, amino acids and hyaluronic acid, as well as vitamins, micro- and macroelements. Injection product Curacen (Curasen) and non-injection drug Curacen Essence (Curasen Essence) are the ideal choice of cosmetologists for triple action: brightening, moisturizing and eliminating wrinkles. You can also use specialized cosmetics from the Laennec Skincare brand - LNC. This line offers to transform the skin at the cellular level, eliminating and preventing hyperpigmentation.

Now you know about the main causes of pigmentation, as well as what causes the appearance of age spots on the face, and you can easily answer the question - what to do when pigments have already appeared. Dermatologists recommend not only limiting time spent on the beach and using sunscreen in summer, but also year-round use of skin protection from the negative effects of ultraviolet radiation. It is this that becomes the main catalyst, and in combination with internal disorders of the body can lead to serious changes in the epidermal layer.

Whitening products

Substances with a whitening effect include ascorbic and azelaic acids, arbutin, licorice extract, hydroquinone, kojic acid, and retinoids.

Inhibitors of the tyrosinase enzyme are kojic and ascorbic acid, arbutin and hydroquinone and azelaic acid, which reversibly inhibit melanin synthesis. For a long time, hydroquinone was considered the most effective, but its esters cause the death of melanocytes and irreversible depigmentation, and therefore the use of this substance is currently limited, and in Europe it is prohibited in cosmetics.

Today, many cosmetic and medicinal preparations are produced for use at home, but in terms of effectiveness they are significantly inferior to hardware methods and professional products.