Aravia - professional volumes at home and how I applied “labogadar” to my face instead of heels Elena Malysheva

Doesn't anything penetrate the skin?

After numerous requests from my readers and viewers, I finally watched the episode of the Live Healthy program, which caused so many misunderstandings.

I saw the following picture.

Elena Malysheva takes a piece of bread, which for some unknown reason symbolizes the skin of the face, generously smears it with butter, which represents the face cream and explains:

You see, the oil doesn’t penetrate anywhere, it sits on top all day and spoils. But nothing happens to the bread. It’s just as useless to smear your face with cream. Cosmetics are prohibited from penetrating the skin; they lie on top of the stratum corneum, which means all creams and ingredients are useless.

According to Elena Malysheva, only 3 components are effective, which you should look for on the packaging:

1. Sun filters.
2. Lecithin.
3. Salicylic acid.

True, there was a disclaimer in the program that ALMOST all creams are useless.

The exception is probably those drugs that paid for advertising on the first channel, and this amount is so impressive that with its weight it pushes any active ingredients into the deep layers of the skin, regardless of their molecular weight and other characteristics.

If such an “exposure” had only been voiced by Elena Mylysheva, I probably would not have made the video.

But in fairness, I must say that the thought: “Nothing penetrates the skin, all creams are useless!” It has already spread across the Internet like a virus, and therefore I consider it necessary to comment on this topic.

Who is contraindicated with urea cream?

Urea cream should not be used if you have:

1. Open wounds on the skin;
2. Acne;
3. Severe skin inflammation;
4. Too oily skin.

It is still unknown whether this product can harm a pregnant woman. It is not known whether this drug is excreted through breast milk. Therefore, it is better not to use it in pregnant and lactating women.

For sensitive skin, before applying face cream with urea, it is necessary to conduct an allergy test.

Some ingredients penetrate the skin, others do not.

Healthy skin is a strong barrier, so many cosmetic ingredients cannot penetrate the skin and actually remain within the stratum corneum.

But! Firstly, this does not mean that they are useless.

And secondly, there are cosmetic ingredients that overcome the epidermal barrier and penetrate into the deeper layers of the skin.

500 Dalton rule

There is a 500 Dalton rule, which states that ingredients with a low molecular weight - below 500 Daltons - are able to overcome the barrier properties of the skin and penetrate deeper layers.

In addition to molecular weight, there are other characteristics that matter. There are also different ways to increase skin permeability:

• skin can be injured
• you can create occlusion,
• enhancers can be used
• delivery systems,
• phonophoresis,
• iontophoresis.

But these are already nuances. The main thing is that there are still cosmetic ingredients, such as:

• retinol (molecular weight 286 Dalton),
• glycolic acid (total 76 Daltons),

which independently penetrate into the deep layers of the skin without our help.

And a chemical filter such as Benzophenone-3 (aka Oxybenzone) can not only overcome the epidermal barrier, but also negatively affect our endocrine system. Apparently this ingredient knows nothing about the prohibition “Do not penetrate beyond the stratum corneum.”

By the way, I discussed this and many other interesting topics in detail in my book “55 Mistakes in Facial Care.”

Take a piece of bread and spread butter on it. Do you see? The cream does not penetrate the skin. Proven!

Use of urea in dermatology

Urea helps treat the following dermatological diseases:

1. Ichthyosis;
2. Xerosis;
3. Atopic dermatitis (eczema);
4. Contact dermatitis;
5. Psoriasis;
6. Seborrheic dermatitis;
7. Onychomycosis (aka nail fungus);
8. Shingles;
9. Neurodermatitis;
10. Keratosis.

The term xerosis is used to describe dryness in the epidermal layers of the skin. This is a common condition that can lead to cracking, flaking, and itching. Risk factors for xerosis include sunlight, friction, low humidity and the use of soap. Xerosis is also a symptom of skin diseases such as psoriasis, dermatitis and ichthyosis, with accompanying signs of inflammation and pain.

Do not penetrate and are still useful

And now about components with high molecular weight that cannot penetrate the skin. Are they useless?!

For clarity, let's look at the situation using examples.

Sunscreen filters zinc oxide and titanium dioxide lie like screens on the surface of the skin, while they protect both the epidermis and dermis from the damaging effects of sunlight. However, even Elena Malysheva does not deny this.

Let's take another example - high molecular weight hyaluronic acid . The molecule is large and cannot penetrate the skin. But she:

• moisturizes the stratum corneum, which is also necessary,
• relieves inflammatory reactions,
• eliminates skin irritation and redness.

Almost any good cream contains components that help strengthen the epidermal barrier, help retain moisture and thus ensure normal hydration of the epidermis and dermis.

I gave just a couple of examples to clearly explain - some cosmetic ingredients do not need to penetrate into the deep layers of the skin to have a positive effect on the condition of the epidermis and dermis.

And a number of ingredients should not penetrate there at all.

In addition, there is also:

• antioxidants,
• prebiotics,
• components that have anti-inflammatory,
• soothing
• or sebum-regulating effect.

But according to Elena Malysheva, apparently they are all useless and this is pure marketing.

Topical use of urea in skin care: a review

Leonardo Celleno, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy, WILEY Dermatological Therapy, July 19, 2022, DOI: 10.1111/dth.12690

Impaired barrier function has been associated with a number of skin diseases, including xerosis, atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Urea, a component of the skin's natural moisturizing factor, plays an important role in maintaining skin hydration and integrity. Several studies have examined the effects of urea in clinical settings. In this article, we summarize the available clinical evidence on the effects of urea in maintaining skin health and treating skin diseases. At lower doses (≤10%), topical urea preparations act as a skin moisturizer, while at higher concentrations (>10% urea), urea-based preparations have a keratolytic effect. (eg, Aquapiling (aquapiling.net)) Urea is also useful in combination therapy with anti-inflammatory and antifungal drugs due to its activity as a penetration enhancer.

KEYWORDS

atopic dermatitis, ichthyosis vulgaris, keratolytic agent, moisturizer, onychomycosis, psoriasis, topical urea, xerosis

The role of the skin is to protect the body from harmful environmental influences while maintaining appropriate mechanical properties, including elasticity. Healthy skin is characterized by effective control of water loss, allowing it to maintain a good level of hydration and therefore a strong physical and chemical barrier (Verdier-Sévrain & Bonté, 2007).

Urea is a polar, hygroscopic molecule produced endogenously by the human body and found naturally in the skin. Urea is formed from the metabolism of proteins and other organic nitrogen compounds and is excreted in urine and sweat (Kapuscinska & Nowak, 2014; Mosher, 1933). As one of the components of natural moisturizing factor (NMF), urea helps maintain healthy skin hydration levels. Despite the constant discovery of new ingredients and new skin care formulations, urea still remains one of the most useful molecules available to dermatologists due to its molecular and functional characteristics. In this article, we present a review of the clinical evidence supporting the use of urea to maintain skin integrity and treat diseases associated with skin barrier dysfunction.

The stratum corneum (SC), the outermost layer of the skin, protects the body from external agents and controls exchanges with the environment, especially transepithelial water loss (TEWL). The structural organization of the stratum corneum and the presence of hygroscopic molecules, collectively called NMF, allow the stratum corneum to retain water, thus keeping the epidermis hydrated and elastic. The stratum corneum consists of terminally differentiated keratinocytes called corneocytes, which are arranged in dense layers and are united by corneodesmosomes. Corneocytes are embedded in a hydrophobic lipid extracellular matrix, the keratinized cell envelope (Pouillot, Dayan, Polla, Polla, & Polla, 2008). Although the barrier created by the stratum corneum is similar in structure to a brick wall, it is more dynamic and complex in nature (Elias, 1983). In fact, the keratinized cell membrane surrounding the nondividing keratin-filled corneocytes represents an active environment consisting of enzymes involved in epidermal differentiation and NMF formation (Pouillot et al., 2008).

Adequate levels of hydration are necessary to maintain skin mechanical properties such as strength, flexibility, and elasticity (Mojumdar, Pham, Topgaard, & Sparr, 2017). In vivo, normal hydration levels range from 30–50% of the dry weight of the stratum corneum (Caspers, Lucassen, Carter, Bruining, & Puppels, 2001). Water found in the stratum corneum is mainly absorbed by corneocytes, which can increase their weight when swollen by up to 50% (Richter, Müller, Schwarz, Wepf, & Wiesendanger, 2001; Mojumdar et al., 2017). Under low relative humidity (RH) conditions, the stratum corneum is brittle and brittle, becoming more elastic as relative humidity increases (Mojumdar et al., 2017). Changes in relative humidity also alter the mobility of keratin filaments present in corneocytes, thereby supporting the role of water in keratin plasticization (Mojumdar et al., 2017).

NMF is critical to maintaining a healthy stratum corneum as it plays an important role in skin hydration (Robinson, Visscher, Laruffa, & Wickett, 2010). A decrease in NMF levels causes water loss in the stratum corneum and reduces the elasticity of the epidermis (Verdier-Sévrain & Bonté, 2007). NMF consists of molecules that are formed from the breakdown of proteins or are secreted by the sebaceous and sweat glands. The detailed composition of NMF is depicted in Figure 1. Degradation of filaggrin, a keratin-aggregating protein of the keratinized cell membrane that is formed during keratinocyte differentiation (Simon et al., 1996; Kezic, Kammeyer, Calkoen, Fluhr, & Bos, 2009), results in the formation of hygroscopic amino acids and other by-products including urea (Björklund et al., 2014). In a healthy stratum corneum, urea corresponds to 7% NMF, a percentage that decreases with age (Verdier-Sévrain & Bonté, 2007).

NMF components (%)

Clockwise: free amino acids; pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid; lactate; Sahara; urea; chlorides; sodium; potassium; ammonia, uric acid, glucosamine, creatinine; calcium; phosphates; citrate and formate.

FIGURE 1 Chemical composition of NMF. Data from (Verdier-Sévrain & Bonté, 2007)

The moisturizing effects of urea have been studied in vivo for many years (Serup, 1992; Bettinger, Gloor, Gehring, & Wolf, 1995; Treffel & Gabard, 1995; Loden, 1996, 1997; Kuzmina, Hagströmer, & Emtestam, 2002); Grether-Beck, Mühlberg, Brenden, & Krutmann, 2008; Borelli, Bielfeldt, Borelli, Schaller, & Korting, 2011). Pan and colleagues analyzed these clinical data in 2013 (Pan, Heinecke, Bernardo, Tsui, & Levitt, 2013). Urea has been noted to reduce transepidermal water loss (Loden, 1996, 1997; Borelli et al., 2011), improve hydration (Borelli et al., 2011) and water retention (Treffel & Gabard, 1995). In addition, urea can increase the amount of free water under high humidity conditions (Bettinger et al., 1995) and act as a powerful skin moisturizer and exfoliant (Serup, 1992).

Of note is the fact that all of these clinical studies used topical cream, emulsion or foam formulations with a urea concentration of 10% or less. No adverse events were reported, confirming the safety of topical urea-based products.

Urea increases the water content of the stratum corneum, acting as a humectant but also by maintaining the fluidity of the stratum corneum (Albèr et al., 2014; Mojumdar et al., 2017). By measuring corneometry, Albèr et al. found that urea promoted skin hydration even when used in a formulation with reduced water activity (Albèr et al., 2014). A subsequent study examined the molecular characteristics of keratin and macroscopic properties of the stratum corneum (SC) after the addition of urea to dehydrated SCs and corneocytes and found that the changes were similar to those occurring with increasing relative humidity in the absence of urea (Mojumdar et al., 2017) . These data support the hypothesis that urea acts as a natural endogenous humectant, replacing water under low-humidity conditions and maintaining fluid levels within the stratum corneum (Mojumdar et al., 2017). At higher concentrations (>10%) (eg Aquapiling (aquapiling.net)) urea has an emollient/keratolytic effect. The first evidence came from Swanbeck's studies in the 60s. These studies showed that preparations with high concentrations of urea could be used to treat ichthyosis and other hyperkeratotic conditions (Swanbeck, 1968a, 1968b; Swanbeck & Rajka, 1970). Swanbeck suggested that at high concentrations, urea is able to dissolve keratin, promoting the destruction of hydrogen bonds. Further studies showed that urea can cause conformational changes in keratin, causing denaturation of the protein structure (Pan et al., 2013).

In addition to its moisturizing properties, preserving the fluidity of SK and promoting keratin denaturation, urea is also able to participate in the regulation of gene expression (Friedman, von Grote, & Meckfessel, 2016). In a study by Grether-Beck et al. indicates that urea induces the expression of epidermal genes (Grether-Beck et al., 2012). Although more research is needed to better understand the involvement of urea in the regulation of gene expression in SK, the active role of urea as an inducer of epidermal gene expression may explain the beneficial effects of urea in preserving skin barrier function.

Keratinization disorders are characterized by qualitative or quantitative changes in the structure of the stratum corneum. Urea, used alone or in combination therapy, improves the treatment of pathological conditions including xerosis, atopic dermatitis, ichthyosis vulgaris, psoriasis and onychomycosis (Pan et al., 2013).

Xerosis or dry skin may be the result of dehydration or changes in lipid production. Dehydrated skin, typical of older people, whose tissues lack water - thin, weak and fragile. Low sebum levels and abnormal lipid levels in the epidermis (as in atopic dermatitis) make the skin tender, opaque, red, and hypersensitive to external agents. In both cases, topical formulations containing urea play an important role in the treatment of diseases. When used in low doses (mostly <10%, one study used 40% urea), urea regulates transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and restores the ability of the stratum corneum to mobilize and maintain hydration (Pan et al., 2013; Danby et al., 2016). Moisturizers containing urea improve fissure healing in diabetic patients (Federici, Federici, & Milani, 2015; Gin et al., 2017). Open heel cracks allow bacteria to enter and can lead to infections and further complications. Additionally, a skin care routine that includes a moisturizing step stops the progression of dry skin diseases, including epidermal hyperproliferation and inflammation (Friedman, von Grote, & Meckfessel, 2016).

From top to bottom, left to right: topical urea formulations; ≤10% urea, moisturizing effect, positive effect on xerosis, AD, IV, psoriasis; ≥10% urea, keratolytic effect, positive effect on psoriasis, onychomycosis; useful in quality; monotherapy; combination therapy, urea – enhances the penetration of corticosteroids, salicylic acid and antifungal drugs.

FIGURE 2 Overview of known effects of topical urea formulations in clinical settings. AD, topical dermatitis; IV, ichthyosis vulgaris

Skin barrier dysfunction has been associated with an increased risk of developing atopic dermatitis (AD) (Egawa & Kabashima, 2018). A weakened skin barrier makes it easier for allergens and other external agents to penetrate and predisposes the body to inflammation. If skin inflammation persists, barrier function is further compromised (Egawa & Kabashima, 2018). AD is the most common inflammatory skin disease, affecting up to 30% of children worldwide (Bieber, 2008). AD is a cutaneous manifestation of a genetic predisposition to allergies and is characterized by highly itchy and recurrent skin lesions on dry skin (Egawa & Kabashima, 2018). Adequate hydration of the stratum corneum appears to be critical in preventing AD, as the use of moisturizers in neonates reduces the prevalence of the disease (Horimukai et al., 2014; Simpson et al., 2014).

Several clinical trials have examined the clinical effects of topical urea formulations in AD (Pan et al., 2013). At a concentration of 10%, urea has been found to improve skin hydration and reduce transepidermal water loss (TEWL) in patients with AD (Sasaki, Tadaki, & Tagami, 1989). However, two recent studies suggest that urea increases skin hydration in AD without reducing TEWL (Hoppe et al., 2015; Ahmad Nasrollahi et al., 2018). These conflicting results can be explained by the low concentration of urea used in the formulations used (only 5%).

Clinical benefit of urea in AD has been observed when used alone and in combination with hydrocortisone or betamethasone-17 valerate (Bohnsack, Tausch, Gassmuller, & Rippke, 1997; Wilhelm, Scholermann, & Bohnsack, 1998; Loden et al., 2002; Wirén et al. al., 2009; Pan et al., 2013). It should be noted that combination therapy with urea was more effective than treatment with hydrocortisone or betamethasone-17-valerate alone (Pan et al., 2013). A recent Cochrane review confirmed that for AD, treatment with moisturizers and topical corticosteroids is more effective than treatment with topical corticosteroids alone (Van Zuuren, Fedorowicz, & Arents, 2017). A systematic review confirmed the beneficial effects of moisturizers on AD but warned of the need for more focused studies that would allow direct comparisons of moisturizers (Lindh & Bradley, 2015). Meanwhile, available evidence supports the use of urea-containing moisturizers as first-line therapy for AD (Lindh & Bradley, 2015).

Ichthyosis vulgaris (IV) is a genetic disorder with a prevalence of 1:300 caused by loss-of-function mutations in the filaggrin gene (FLG) (Brown & McLean, 2012). IV is characterized by flaky, dry skin with symmetrical white or gray scales. Peeling occurs due to the absence of filaggrin protein in the stratum corneum, which causes low cellular regeneration of the stratum corneum and chronic accumulation of keratin. A recent systematic review concluded that urea-containing drugs should be used as first-line therapy for ichthyosis vulgaris (Lindh & Bradley, 2015). Maintenance therapy using 10% urea is noninferior to therapy containing 1% hydrocortisone, 2% salicylic acid, or paraffin moisturizers (Pan et al., 2013).

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with a worldwide prevalence of 2% (Parisi, Symmons, Griffiths, & Ashcroft, 2013). Psoriasis is characterized by the development of erythematous scaly plaques that result from increased keratinocyte proliferation and altered epidermal differentiation (Zhang et al., 2009). Clinical trials have been conducted to study the effects of urea on psoriatic skin (Pan et al., 2013). One study found that, when used at a concentration of 10%, urea reduced transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and increased stratum corneum hydration (Sasaki, Tadaki, & Tagami, 1989). Subsequently, Hagemann and Proksch also found that urea induces epidermal differentiation (Hagemann & Proksch, 1996). When used at concentrations ranging from 10 to 40%, alone or in combination with bifonazole or dithranol, most studies reported improvement in desquamation and clinical status in patients with psoriasis (Pan et al., 2013). (for example, Aquapiling (aquapiling.net))

At a concentration of 40%, urea shows clinical effects in the treatment of fungal nail infections such as onychomycosis (Pan et al., 2013). Topical treatment with fluconazole 1% and urea 40% is more effective than fluconazole alone in the treatment of onychomycosis (Bassiri-Jahromi, Ehsani, Mirshams-Shahshahani, & Jamshidi, 2012). Urea enhances the penetration of the antifungal agent and thus enhances the therapeutic effect (Pan et al., 2013). (for example, Cream-paste for corns Aquapiling (aquapiling.net))

Urea can be considered a penetration enhancer due to its ability to facilitate the transport of molecular flow through the nail and skin (Trommer & Neubert, 2006). These molecules include the aforementioned antifungal drugs, as well as other compounds used in the treatment of skin diseases, such as corticosteroids (Trommer & Neubert, 2006). An earlier study by Ayres and Hooper examined the potentiating effects of urea on skin penetration of cortisol (Ayres & Hooper, 1978). The authors observed that a topical formulation containing 1.0% cortisol and 10% urea delivered eight times more cortisol to the skin than a topical cream used as a control (1.0% cortisol cream mixed with water). Subsequent studies showed that urea enhances the penetration of hydrocortisone, progesterone and leuprolide through the subcutaneous tissue (Trommer & Neubert, 2006). It is noteworthy that in an in vitro study examining transcutaneous diffusion of progesterone, urea increased progesterone penetration by 2.5-fold (Valenta & Wedenig, 1997).

The mechanism by which urea increases the permeability of the stratum corneum is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to the ability to increase the water content absorbed by corneocytes, which is a direct consequence of its high water-binding capacity (Mueller et al., 2016). At higher doses, the keratolytic action of urea may also play a role in enhancing drug penetration (Trommer & Neubert, 2006). Because of its recognized action as a chemical penetration enhancer, urea should be used in conjunction with topical corticosteroids, salicylic acid, or antifungals to improve drug delivery and treatment outcomes.

Urea is a well-known moisturizer and keratolytic agent. Urea has been used safely for over a century to support skin health and treat a range of skin conditions. Clinical studies have confirmed the positive effect of urea in diseases associated with skin barrier dysfunction. When used in different concentrations, urea has different effects (Fig. 2). Lower concentrations of urea (≤10%) are associated with a moisturizing effect, whereas higher concentrations (>10%) have an emollient/keratolytic effect. As a skin penetration enhancer, urea facilitates the crossing of the skin barrier by other molecules and thus improves the action of drugs used in combination therapy. Topical formulations containing urea are available in a variety of concentrations and provide clinicians with a wide range of alternatives to enhance the treatment of skin conditions and improve patient well-being.

Medical writing and editing support was provided by Raquel Carvalhosa, Ph.D., and . Financial support for the compilation and editing of medical texts was provided by.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

ORCID Leonardo Celleno https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7129-198X

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Retinol cream and vitamin C

The first time I shot a video about Elena Malysheva’s program was 2.5 years ago. Then I released a video in which I said that I use a serum with vitamin C and retinol for skin care and am very pleased with the result.

And I was literally inundated with comments with links to the program “Live Healthy!”, where Elena Malysheva “proved” that these ingredients are not compatible due to pH, and cream with retinol and vitamin C is pure marketing and money down the drain.

Well, as it proved.

She took a flask with blue water, which she said was retinol, and a flask with red liquid, which according to the script was vitamin C.

Then she invited one of the spectators to mix these liquids. And she immediately warned - if the liquids change color, then goodbye! Retinol and vitamin C cream does not work.

Naturally, after mixing, they ended up with some kind of mud, which became “proof” of the TV presenter’s words.

I had to make a video and explain that stable forms of vitamin C are used in cosmetics.

For example, the sodium ascorbyl phosphate that was present in my serum is stable even at pH 7, which is why my retinol and vitamin C serum works.

It’s just that Elena Malysheva apparently knows nothing about this.

Malysheva uses urea cream

Cosmetics containing urea have recently become widespread. In one of the programs “Live Healthy!” Elena Malysha actively advertised skincare cosmetics: “Urea is our everything!”

Urea cream for the face from Malysheva must contain at least 10 percent urea. The famous TV presenter buys such Russian-made face creams in large jars and uses them on all parts of the body. It is this method that helps Malysheva look younger than her age.

TV presenter Elena Malysheva recommends urea cream because it:

1. Has good anti-inflammatory properties;
2. Destroys fungi and pathogenic microorganisms;
3. Reduces the evaporation of moisture from the surface of the skin;
4. Promotes natural regeneration processes of the dermis;
5. Relieves unpleasant itching, burning and irritation;
6. Has hygroscopic properties;
7. Performs a barrier function;
8. Restores turgor and elasticity of the skin.

TV show is not the ultimate truth

In general, you need to understand that the program “Live Healthy!” It does not aim to teach viewers anything.

The task of Elena Malysheva and Channel One is to make a show, a rating program, and for this they are ready to voice and show any nonsense.

For high ratings, “revelations” are best suited.

There is a huge category of people to whom you just tell that there is about to be some kind of revelation, for example, about cosmetic products - and with bulging eyes and ears spread out like cows, they will listen and believe every word.

Such viewers do not have critical thinking, do not know and do not understand that revelations can also be fake, illiterate or biased in order to discredit some and show others in a favorable light.

How to apply urea cream

Instructions for using urea cream for the face:

1. Moisturizers must be applied every day;
2. Before use, wash your hands thoroughly with soap;
3. Cleanse your face, remove any remaining makeup;
4. A small amount of cream is distributed over the skin with massage movements;
5. Leave the cream until completely absorbed.

When applying, avoid contact with eyes. If this situation does occur, it is necessary to rinse with warm running water.

Creams with adapalene on the Russian market

Popular creams with adapalene are produced under the following brands:

• Differin – Laboratoires Galderma, France, gel and cream 30 grams
• Clenzit – Lenmark Pharmaceuticals Ltd., India 15 and 30 grams
• Adaklin – Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited, India 30 grams

These drugs contain 0.1-0.3% of the active substance. A 30-gram tube will contain 3 milligrams of adapalene plus additives and excipients. Adapalene itself is effective in accelerating the regeneration of epithelial cells, natural exfoliation of the surface layer of the skin and opening the pores of the skin. These effects make adapalene an anti-wrinkle agent in anti-aging therapy.

How to revaccinate

Any registered vaccine is suitable for revaccination. Russians today have access to domestic drugs - Sputnik V, EpiVacCorona, its modernized version - EpiVacCorona N, CoviVac and Sputnik Light. Some experts advise alternating them during repeated vaccinations to diversify the spectrum of antibodies. Others note that healthy people with good immunity are best suited for the single-component Sputnik Light vaccine, which is administered once. And the developers themselves note that it is intended primarily for revaccination and vaccination of those who have recovered from the disease. In fact, this is the first component of Sputnik V, which is simply registered as a separate drug. For citizens over 65 years of age, doctors recommend revaccination with two-component drugs: this is more reliable, since antibodies are produced less well in older people.

How and when to use adapalene correctly as a cosmetic product

For cosmetic purposes, adapalene is used on aging skin to smooth out wrinkles, the effect of adapalene is equated to the peeling effect, so be careful, it is important to be careful and not overdo it. In the worst case, you will harm the condition of the skin, because adapalene eliminates excess sebum, roughly speaking, “retinoids remove excess sebum,” which means the skin becomes drier, so Malysheva said that you can use adapalene only once a week.

If you have normal skin, the rules are as follows:

• Wash and dry skin well before applying.
• Apply to all areas except the area around the lips and eyelids.
• Keep the cream on your face for about 1.5 hours.
• After this time, everything remaining is washed off. You can use toner or milk to remove makeup.
• Apply the product before going to bed.

The next day the skin will become inflamed and red. The particles will begin to peel off, do not disturb the skin in the coming days. Applying cosmetics or foundation is prohibited. There is also no need to try to exfoliate the skin yourself; do not use scrubs. The skin must be mature before exfoliation. If you remove it earlier than necessary, damage will form, itching will begin, and the skin under the wound will also peel off. You need to be patient and wait until the process is over. If you do not make mistakes, the skin will cleanse and the top layer will peel off, and in its place you will have renewed, young skin and blood circulation will improve.

The effect of adapalene and when you can repeat the procedure

If the purpose of using the drug is to rejuvenate the skin and smooth out wrinkles, then the substance copes with its task, but we note additional effects from the use of adapalene

• Limits the appearance of comedones
• Relieves skin inflammation, the drug can work on the principle of an antibiotic

But practicing cosmetologists note that the full mechanism of action of the drug has not been studied, so do not use more than once a week, for one month, then a break from two weeks to one month, but this is all individual

What is the price of adapalene cream?

The price in 2022 for a 30 gram tube in Russia is from 500 rubles for Indian cream, and from 700 rubles for French. In the US, a 30 gram tube costs about $30