Insect bites: who bit, what they look like on the body. What to do in case of swelling, redness, allergies

With the onset of warm days, a lot of insects appear, eager to drink someone's blood. But if midges and horseflies are usually found far from cities, then it is impossible to avoid mosquito bites. To reproduce, all they need is a rusty tin can filled with rainwater thrown into the bushes. Mosquitoes cannot be found only on the top floors of skyscrapers; they cannot fly there. But the inability to rise to such a height on their own will not prevent them from arriving by elevator or human clothing.

General information

There are a huge number of different types of insects in the world, with which people come into contact to one degree or another, both during rest and during various jobs. Accordingly, bites/stings of people by insects of one type or another are extremely common. Insects can bite/sting both for defensive purposes and for the need for nutrition, when a person can act as a link in the food chain. The consequences of contact with insects can vary widely - from minor redness and mild itching at the site of the bite to allergic reactions of varying severity. An allergic reaction to bites/stings (insect allergy) by insects is caused by the entry of various toxic substances into the human body:

biogenic amines ( serotonin histamine kinins , norepinephrine );
enzymes (acid phosphatase , phospholipase A , hyaluronidase );
peptides ( apmin , neurotoxin , mellitin ).

The content and amount of toxic substances depends on the type of insect. Thus, with the bites of stinging insects, for example, bees, the toxic effects are caused by mellitin ; os - neurotoxin . Allergic reactions are caused predominantly by the sensitizing effect of various enzymes: hyaluronidase, phospholipase, A/acid phosphatase. When biting non-stinging insects, pathological reactions are caused by biological amines, anticoagulants and toxic substances. Persons with increased sensitivity (allergy sufferers) have especially pronounced reactions to insect bites. Insect bite code according to ICD-10 is W57. At the same time, in ICD-10 there is no classification of bites/stings by type of insect.

Insect bites/stings are widespread, occur mainly in the warm season and in the vast majority of cases end successfully - the victim exhibits mainly local signs of the bite, which disappear on their own within a few days. But in almost 5% of people, insect bites lead to the development of local/general allergic reactions ( urticaria / angioedema ). And in about 1% of people, bites/stings are accompanied by neurotoxic effects with the risk of developing seizures and, much less often, death of the victim. The main risk group is hunters, children, mushroom pickers and people whose professional activities take place outdoors and often come into contact with insects and their metabolites.

Representatives of the insect fauna are able to quickly spread throughout the territory, both due to their own mechanisms of movement, and passively with the help of wind/by fixing on the skin of an animal. The concentration of insects is determined by environmental factors: humidity, temperature, wind strength. Accordingly, in entomologically disadvantaged areas, the likelihood of insect bites/stings/contacts with metabolites is extremely high.

Of particular danger to humans is an allergic reaction to the venom of various hymenoptera stinging insects (bees, hornets, bumblebee wasps, certain types of ants), which can often result in anaphylactic shock and sometimes the death of the victim. It should be taken into account that not only insect bites, but also larvae/pupae, as well as their waste products (feces/fragments of dead insects), which enter the body through direct contact with the skin/inhalation, can act as an allergen.

Sensitization to the venom of stinging hymenoptera develops more often in patients under 20 years of age and especially often in children/adolescents. Bites of some types of insects are common (bites of mosquitoes, bees, mosquito bites, flea bites, ant bites; other species are relatively rare - the bite of a praying mantis, centipede (scolopendra), two-tailed, horsefly, some flies, in particular the gadfly, elk lice). Insect bites in apartments are much less common. The most common mosquito bite occurs when they enter the home and bedbugs (they bite in bed at night).

Many people are interested in whether cockroaches bite? Cockroach bites are very rare and occur only in extreme situations, when insects find themselves in unfavorable living conditions (lack of water and food), especially against the backdrop of a sharp increase in their population and the deposition of larvae.

People often wonder how dangerous the bites of certain insects are, for example, whether elk lice are dangerous for humans or the bites of wasps, gadflies, centipede bites, and so on. It should be noted that there is no clear answer to such questions. The reaction to an insect bite, regardless of its type, is largely determined by the dose (number of bites), the location of the bites and, to a large extent, the individual sensitivity of the body. Thus, when stung by 10-15 bees, local clinical manifestations disappear quite quickly; when stung by 100-200 bees, poisoning develops, and when stung by 400-500 bees, it is accompanied by the risk of developing severe allergic manifestations ( anaphylactic shock ) and the need for emergency assistance.

Allergic manifestations can occur from the bite of almost any insect, but most often severe allergic consequences are caused by the bite/sting of Hymenoptera - hornets, bumblebees, bees and wasps. With an immediate immune response, the victim’s body produces specific IgE immunoglobulins for a specific type of insect allergen. And in such cases, symptoms after a bite appear within the first 10-20 minutes. With the immunocomplex type of reactions, IgG is produced and circulating immune complexes are formed, and symptoms appear much later.

We should not forget that many insects are carriers of dangerous infectious diseases: malaria (malarial mosquitoes); relapsing fever (lice), sleeping sickness (tsetse flies); bubonic plague (fleas); leishmaniasis (mosquitoes); tick-borne encephalitis / Lyme disease (ixodid ticks); tularemia (moose lice); typhus / dysentery (flies), etc.

What insect bites look like: photo of who bit

It is often difficult for a person who does not have special knowledge to determine who bit him or who bit another person. Traces of insect bites on human skin, despite certain general manifestations (swelling and redness/pain at the site of the bite, swelling), also have their own specific features. Below are photos of some insect bites.

Bee sting, tick bite, bug bite

Flea bite, mosquito bite, ant bites

Based on external signs/severity of consequences, insect bites can be divided into three groups:

The first group is inconspicuous, single light bites that practically do not bother a person (forest ants/single small midge bites). After them, just dots/small redness remain on the skin.
The second group is relatively mild, but numerous and more pronounced insect bites (numerous flea, mosquito, bedbug and lice bites). The moment of the attack is almost invisible, but external manifestations are more pronounced (severe itching, local allergic reactions).
The third group is bites that cause pronounced local skin lesions - a large red spot, severe pain, a water bubble at the site of the bite, a tumor with the possible development of edema, local/general allergic reactions, including anaphylactic shock. This can be manifested by the bites of such insects as wasps, hornets, gadflies, bees, tropical ants, large horseflies, etc. Such bites are dangerous and in some cases can pose a threat to human life.

A bit of Wikipedia

According to Wikipedia, blood-sucking mosquitoes (lat. Culicidae) are a family of dipterous insects belonging to the long-whiskered group. In the modern world, the number of mosquito species totals more than 3.5 thousand . These insects are found on every continent (and in every country) except Antarctica, which makes sense given local temperature conditions.

Interesting fact! Humans and animals in particular are bitten exclusively by females. Males do not have developed jaws and do not have specific organs to bite a person. Human blood, rich in protein and glucose, is needed by female mosquitoes to bear offspring .

Russia and surrounding countries are home to more than 100 species of blood-sucking mosquitoes, including several malaria species (Orthopodomyia, Uranotaenia, Coquillettidia and Anopheles).

Malaria mosquito (Anopheles)

Humans are primarily responsible for the spread of various types of mosquitoes around the globe. The eggs and larvae of future adults (adult insects) survive travel in cars, trucks, trains, ships and even airplanes.

One can only guess how many larvae of malaria mosquitoes were brought by tourists from southern countries during one tourist season.

Pathogenesis

The venom that enters the body during a sting/bite contains a large number of biologically active components that contribute to the development of a cascade of local and general pathological reactions. The pathogenetic effect depends directly on the type of insect venom. Thus, phospholipase A , wasps and hornets has a hemolyzing effect, causing the breakdown of red blood cells.

The neurotoxin apamin has an effect on the bulbar centers/spinal cord and can depress the respiratory center. Melittin increases the permeability of blood vessels, which contributes to the development of edema, seizures, and coronary disorders. Bites of certain insects are accompanied by a high risk of developing allergies, which is caused by the ingestion of biologically active substances into the body. These are local reactions in the bite/sting area in the form of increased permeability/dilation of blood vessels, irritation of pain receptors, the toxic effect of a specific type of poison, and the allergic reaction itself, which can occur in types I, III, IV:

Type I (anaphylactic reactions). Develop in 95% of patients after a sting, much less often with bites from blood-sucking insects/contact with parts of dead insects within 1 hour. Allergic rhinitis , urticaria , bronchial asthma , Quincke's edema , and anaphylactic shock occur in this type .
Type III (immune complex reactions), which develop primarily from bites by blood-sucking insects (bugs, mosquitoes, mosquitoes) and are caused by the formation of immune complexes. Clinically manifests as serum sickness with vasculitis/arthritis and local reactions
Type IV (slow T-cell reactions). They manifest themselves mainly through bites by blood-sucking insects/contact with waste products of insects. The leading role in the development of such reactions is played by sensitized T-lymphocytes. They manifest themselves as infiltrates on the skin and contact dermatitis.

The routes of sensitization for insect allergies are different: most often it is the parenteral route (sting/bite), less often - contact, aerogenic (through inhalation of house dust containing insect excrement/particles), nutritional (food intake).

Treatment options

There are several methods of treating pathology. Treatment can only be prescribed by a doctor, and it is based on eliminating the cause that led to the rash. Only after this can you use drugs that directly eliminate formations on the epidermis.

Pharmacy ointments and creams

The specialist prescribes medications to relieve swelling and itching in the affected areas of the skin. Doctors usually recommend using the following drugs:

Solcoseryl, Acyclovir or Zovirac, if the rash is caused by the penetration of various infections into the body;
Panthenol, Claritin, Fenistil and other antihistamines for allergic reactions;
Elidel and Exoderil for dermatitis.

For infectious pathologies, antiseptic agents should also be used to disinfect the affected area of the epidermis. These include hydrogen peroxide and brilliant green.

Folk remedies

Traditional medicine is also used only as prescribed by a doctor. There are several recipes that have proven effective:

Compresses made from carrots or potatoes. A small piece is cut from the vegetable and applied to the affected area for several minutes. Therapy is carried out until recovery. Carrot and potato juice quickly relieve itching and swelling of soft tissues;
Used tea bags. After brewing, they are applied to the affected area of the skin. The tea leaves soothe the irritated epidermis, helps relieve swelling of the soft tissues and eliminates redness;
Baths with a decoction prepared from medicinal plants. For the remedy, take a large spoonful of mint, string, chamomile and celandine. The herbs are placed in an aluminum ladle, poured with a liter of boiling water and the container is placed on the fire. The mixture is brought to a boil, removed from the heat and left to infuse for a quarter of an hour. After this, the broth is filtered and added to the bath. It is taken within fifteen minutes. Water procedures are carried out several times a week until recovery. Such manipulations soothe the inflamed epidermis, relieve swelling of the soft tissues and have a positive effect on the nervous system.
Aloe compresses. Several pieces of the lower, fleshiest leaves are cut from the bush; After this, the plant is crushed. The manipulation is carried out carefully so as not to lose the juice that oozes from the leaves. The resulting mass is applied to the affected area of the epidermis. To prevent the paste from sliding off, place a bandage on top and fix the compress with an adhesive plaster. The product is left on the epidermis for twenty minutes. The procedure is carried out daily until the skin is restored. Aloe helps get rid of soft tissue swelling, itching and redness.

When using any traditional medicine, you need to act carefully. Mechanical damage to the rash must not be allowed

If you carelessly pick off a pimple, a serious infection can penetrate into the body through it, which will lead to undesirable consequences.

You can also learn about the most popular causes of rashes in children from this video:

Classification

Based on the method by which poisons/allergens enter the human body, insects can be divided into two groups:

stinging (wasps, hornets, bees, bumblebees, ants, etc.);
non-stinging (biting/blood-sucking) - cockroaches; locusts, mosquitoes, flies; grasshoppers, mayfly, beetles; fleas; moose lice, mosquitoes, mosquitoes, horse flies, midges, etc.

Insect bites are divided into:

by their type (bee, mosquito, wasp, gadfly, flea, hornet, and so on);
by type of reaction to them (toxic, allergic).

According to the severity of the lesion, they are distinguished:

Light flow. Characterized by the appearance of predominantly local signs. Develops against the background of the bite of one/several insects, the venom of which has a moderately toxic ability. As a rule, it does not require medical attention, with the exception of children under 3 years of age.
Moderate weight. Manifests itself with local/moderate systemic symptoms caused primarily by the neurotoxic effect of the toxicant ( urticaria , Quincke's edema without manifestations from the respiratory tract). Disturbances from the nervous system develop from the bites of several dozen stinging insects, and a hypersensitivity reaction occurs regardless of the number of stings/bites.
Severe course (severe toxic reactions, anaphylactic shock , angioedema with damage to the central nervous system and hemolysis of red blood cells). They usually develop against the background of multiple bites.

Experts' opinion

Based on the results of clinical studies, La-Cri products, including cream for sensitive skin, are recommended by the St. Petersburg branch of the Union of Pediatricians of Russia.

The effectiveness, safety and tolerability of the products have been proven by a clinical study. The cream is also suitable for daily skin care of children with mild to moderate forms of atopic dermatitis and during remission, accompanied by a decrease in the quality of life of patients. As a result of therapy, a decrease in the activity of the inflammatory process, a decrease in dryness, itching and flaking was noted.

It has been clinically proven that La-Cri cream for sensitive skin:

reduces itching and irritation;
relieves skin redness;
moisturizes and gently cares for the skin.

Sources:

Kamasheva G.R., Khakimova R.F. Valiullina S.A., Methods for assessing the severity of atopic dermatitis in young children, Dermatology journal, 2010
Kovyazina N.A., Fedosimova N.A., Illek Ya. Yu. Diagnosis of atopic dermatitis in young children, Vyatka Medical Bulletin, 2007
Smirnova G.I. Managing the course of the disease: atopic dermatitis in children, Russian pediatric journal, 2014

Causes

Bites/stings in the vast majority of cases are caused by provocative actions of the insect by humans. Essentially, biting is a way of defending/repelling an opponent. A number of insects attack humans for the purpose of reproduction (cutaneous gadfly, which lays larvae on the skin, which subsequently penetrate into tissues). Some types of insects bite humans for food.

Risk factors include frequent/long stay of people in suburban areas in the spring and autumn. Particularly at risk are persons who commit insect bites in high-risk areas without personal protective equipment (mosquito nets, thick fabric clothing, special shoes, pre-treatment with a dissectant).

Risk factors include staying in a suburban area in summer, spring and autumn. People who often go on trips to the forest, lakes, ponds, swamps, without using protective equipment (clothing made of thick fabric, special shoes, mosquito nets) are especially at risk.

Why do mosquitoes bite people?

The question is simple, but at the same time, complex. This may come as a revelation to some, but human blood is not the main food item in the mosquito diet. This type of insect mainly feeds on pollen and nectar of plants, and blood is needed exclusively by females to bear new offspring.

Reproduction and birth of mosquitoes

Having received a portion of human blood, rich in proteins, the female mosquito looks for water to lay eggs, which in a short time will turn into pupae, and new mosquitoes will emerge from them. The process of “birth” of new individuals occurs directly in the water. Now do you understand why in summer there are many more mosquitoes near reservoirs than in fields, for example?

Symptoms

Single insect bites are manifested by local symptoms in the form of pain that occurs immediately after the bite/sting. Some of the insects bite in bed at night. At the same time, a sleeping person does not feel the bites and finds them only on the body and especially often on the legs after sleep. But in most cases, traces of insect bites on human skin are visually identified in the form of small dots, a blister or a protruding sting. On average, after 15-30 minutes, swelling and hyperemia (redness) develop on the skin at the site of the bite/sting. Later itching appears. Usually, swelling and redness from single bites go away on their own within 24-48 hours, however, the resulting papule often persists for 7-10 days and it often itches. When poison gets under the mucous membranes, severe swelling develops. lacrimation , conjunctivitis , and blepharitis can develop .

With a larger number of bites, pronounced general toxic manifestations develop in the form of chills , dizziness , general weakness , and, less commonly , shortness of breath cramps . General toxic effects may persist for several days. With multiple bites, acute symptoms are observed, including nausea, vomiting, fever, headache, and diarrhea. The development of coma/collapse is relatively rare; death occurs mainly from paralysis of the respiratory center. Particularly severe intoxication develops when bitten by webbed insects (bees/wasps in the area of the tongue and pharynx, which is manifested by swelling of the pharynx/larynx with the threat of asphyxia for the victim). Possible depression of consciousness/ vascular collapse , fibrillatory spasms of skeletal muscles, vomiting, pain in the heart, massive hemolysis , weakened respiratory function.

Allergic manifestations from insect bites can be local, the manifestations of which are limited to the site of the sting/bite; organ, in which dysfunction of target organs appears, and systemic, affecting the functioning of the whole organism. A local allergic reaction is characterized by the appearance of a local area of redness (large red spot) 7-10 centimeters in diameter and swelling, accompanied by itching. a papular rash , blisters , and areas of necrosis may appear at the site of the bite . Scratching can cause infection.

Organ manifestations of an allergic reaction are rare and are manifested by the development of vasculitis , damage to the joints, heart muscle, brain tissue, kidneys, and peripheral nervous system. With direct contact with insect excrement/bodies, symptoms of bronchospasm and rhinoconjunctivitis .

Systemic allergies to insect bites can be mild (anxiety, widespread rash, itching), severe (dyspepsia, dizziness, chest pain/intestinal pain) and severe, manifested by hoarseness, severe shortness of breath, suffocation, severe fear of death, stupor. Less commonly, after a bite, a severe anaphylactic reaction develops with a sharp drop in blood pressure, the appearance of stupor/coma, respiratory/cardiac arrest, which requires urgent assistance, and in its absence ends in death.

Multiple insect bites are especially difficult for older people, especially those with hepatic-renal failure / diabetes mellitus , blood diseases, as well as those with increased sensitivity to the histamine-like/neurotoxic effects of the poison.

Organ manifestations of allergies are quite rare and are characterized by the development of vascular inflammation such as vasculitis , damage to the heart muscle, kidney tissue, brain, joints, peripheral nervous system and the appearance of symptoms found in these diseases. Direct contact with the bodies of insects and their excrement sometimes leads to symptoms of rhinoconjunctivitis , stomatitis , bronchospasm , and dyspepsia .

When does allergy in the form of mosquito bites occur?

Skin is one of the most sensitive anatomical structures of the human body. The appearance of an itchy rash on its surface, reminiscent of the consequences of contact with insects, suggests the presence of blisters. This is an element that does not have a cavity; it is swelling of the papillary layer of the connective tissue part of the skin. It is characterized by such symptoms as:

existence for a short period of time (on average up to a day);
combination with itching, burning;
pink, in some cases – porcelain shade;
round or irregular shape;
tendency to merge.

The blisters disappear without transforming into secondary elements of the rash (cracks, erosions, ulcers, scars). Only in the case of intense scratching, scratches and wounds remain in the area of the affected areas - the consequences of active mechanical action, which heal within a few days and can serve as an “entry gate” for infection.

An allergy in the form of a mosquito bite is usually urticaria.

Before making a final diagnosis, other etiological (causal) factors not related to individual sensitivity, such as infection, must be considered. Some types of bacterial, viral, and fungal agents can cause redness, swelling, and rashes. In addition, insect bites (bugs, ticks) that were not noticed by the patient are quite likely.

Tests and diagnostics

The main tasks in making a diagnosis are to establish the fact of an insect bite and determine its type, collecting anamnesis data (presence of allergic reactions in the past upon contact with insects). A clinical examination is carried out to identify/determine the nature of skin lesions and the degree of their severity, the presence of signs of organ/generalized disorders. If necessary, instrumental/laboratory examinations are carried out, including ECG, ultrasound of the abdominal organs, spirography; General/biochemical analysis of blood and urine.

If an allergic reaction develops - allergy tests on the skin with insect allergens, laboratory tests to identify specific immunoglobulins for allergens. Differential diagnosis of an allergic reaction to insect bites is carried out with contact dermatitis , toxic reactions, other allergic reactions ( bronchospastic conditions , urticaria , rhinitis / conjunctivitis , Quincke's edema ).

Habitat area

Heat-loving insects prefer places where there are almost never low temperatures. Their main habitat is areas with tropical and subtropical climates. They are found in North America, Eurasia, the Balkans, the Middle East, Southern Europe, Northern and Central Africa, Southeast and Southern Asia. Huge populations live in Abkhazia and Georgia.

Do mosquitoes live in Russia and where? They are found in Crimea, Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories, and Kuban. You won’t see them in central Russia, but here residents are tired of other representatives of midges (horseflies, carnivorous midges, zhigalkas). They bite painfully, but do not cause serious damage to health.

Prevention

Preventative measures for insect bites/stings include the following recommendations:

Avoid places with significant concentrations of hymenoptera insects: apiaries, wasp nests, vegetable markets/shops.
If you get into the area where bees/wasps are present, do not make sudden movements/behave calmly. When going outdoors, do not use scented cosmetics: lotions, soaps, perfumes, cologne, sunscreen, shampoo, as such odors attract insects.
Do not take bee products/food or drinks outdoors.
When hiking in nature, use boots and closed clothing made of thick fabric. You must put a hat on your head, and you can tuck your trouser legs into your socks. Don't walk on the grass barefoot. Avoid brightly colored clothing.
Be careful when working in your garden. Use insect repellents.
When going outdoors, take a small first aid kit with you (antihistamine, hydrogen peroxide, iodine, dexamethasone ampoule).
Maintaining housing in proper sanitary and hygienic condition, disinfecting residential/non-residential premises, landfills, garbage cans with chemicals.

Precautionary measures

To prevent the development of an allergy attack to mosquitoes, you should adhere to the following rules:

Use mosquito nets and fumigators indoors. It is also advisable to cover baby strollers with a net.
Wear light-colored clothing that covers the body.
Cover exposed skin with insect repellents.
Stay away from swamps and ponds with standing water.
Always carry with you an allergy passport drawn up by your attending physician, containing information about the symptoms of the disease and instructions for first aid, as well as a first aid kit with all the necessary medications.

It is also important to use repellent. Please note that mosquito repellents may also cause an allergic reaction.

You should test them in advance on a small area of skin

Please note that mosquito repellents can also cause an allergic reaction. You should test them in advance on a small area of skin.

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All materials on the site are published under the authorship or editorship of medical professionals, but do not constitute a prescription for treatment. Contact the specialists!

The information is provided for informational purposes only.

Consequences and complications

The consequences of insect bites, almost regardless of their type (the consequences of the bite of scolopendra, bees, wasps, mosquitoes, centipedes, etc.) include:

Significant local reaction from bites/stings in the facial area ( swelling , painful erythema ), which can cause airway obstruction.
Development of a purulent skin infection ( pyoderma ) at the site of an insect bite. Less common are cases of erysipelas , cellulitis / abscess at the site of the bite.
Anaphylactic reaction . Especially in persons sensitized to insect bites.
Infectious diseases transmitted by insects ( malaria , relapsing fever , sleeping sickness , bubonic plague , leishmaniasis , tick-borne encephalitis , dysentery , Lyme disease , etc.

Preventive methods of protection

Preventive methods of protection against mosquito bites are any means that will help limit human contact with insects. This includes various repellents and insecticides that repel mosquitoes from humans, all kinds of smoldering sticks and circles. These products are sold in many stores, including supermarkets.

As for the home, it is better to have mosquito nets on the windows. If the windows are old, you can do it yourself. The main thing is to make sure that the mosquito cannot bite, since one of them may well turn out to be malarial. No bite - no problem .

And finally, advice for those who are going to hot southern countries: before the trip you should think about getting vaccinated against malaria. It is also important to take out insurance that includes a possible hospital stay in a local hospital in case of infection with one of the viruses described above.

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Forecast

In the vast majority of cases, insect bites/stings end favorably and without disability. Timely assistance allows the patient’s condition to normalize within 10-30 minutes and eliminates the need for hospitalization. With the development of an allergic reaction to insect bites with a mild/moderate course and timely treatment/adequate medical care, the prognosis is also favorable. The prognosis worsens with the development of severe organ damage and a systemic allergic reaction.

List of sources

Stanek V.Ya. Illustrated encyclopedia of insects. Prague: Artria; 1977. .
Safina L.F., Fassakhov R.S., Reshetnikova I.D. Skin manifestations of allergic reactions to stings of hymenoptera insects // Practical Medicine. - 2011. - No. 3, - pp. 140-142.
Dremova V.P. Urban entomology. Harmful arthropods in the urban environment. — Publishing house “IzdatNaukaServis”. Ekaterinburg. - 2005, 278 p.
Lawlor G. – Jr., Fischer T., Adelman D Ch. Allergy to insect venoms. in the book Clinical immunology and allergology - M.: Praktika, 2000. pp. 346 – 356.
Zaikov S.V., Mikhey L.V., Kulik L.G., Allergy to non-stinging insects // News of medicine and pharmacy. - 2010. - No. 345. - p. 36-37.