general information
The name of the technique is Zogan. The literal translation of this word is “creating a face.” The Asahi technique received this name well-deservedly, because it allows you to effectively model the face and restore it even in the most advanced cases. The creator of massage herself is a clear demonstration of its effectiveness.
In a short period of time, the Zogan technique managed to become popular in Japan and spread to other countries and even to other continents. Today there are Asahi massage schools all over the world, many practice it at home, using educational materials - articles, books, videos.
Step-by-step execution
Instructions for performing face-building exercises depend on the age category of the client and his individual characteristics.
For category 40+
The following exercises will help preserve the beauty of your face after 40 and correct flaws that reveal a woman’s age:
- Make a fist with your index finger on top. Work on the nasolabial folds, from top to bottom. From the corners of the mouth, move to the middle of the chin, then along the lower jaw to the ears. The exercise is performed symmetrically, with both hands on both sides.
- Spread your elbows to the sides and open your fists. With effort, but without pain, apply pressure while rolling your fists along the lower jaw. When you reach the ear, perform the finishing movement.
- Impact the active points on the chin, the corners of the mouth and the wings of the nose by applying pressure with your fingertips. Perform each pressure for 2-3 seconds. Smoothly move your palms to your ears and complete the exercise.
- Using the fingers of one hand, slightly lift the cheek muscle to enhance the effect, place the fingers of the other hand on top. Slowly move your fingers towards your ear. Then perform a final stroking with one hand, and with the other, massage the skin in the direction from the ear to the center of the chin.
- Do the previous massage exercise in the opposite direction.
This complex is recommended for women over 40. Its main task is to correct nasolabial folds and prevent sagging cheeks.
For those over 45
For clients 45+, it is recommended to pay special attention to the cheeks and chin area. Perform the following massage exercises:
- Using your fists, apply pressure in the direction of the corners of the mouth - the auricle, along the lower jaw. Make the finishing move.
- Work the nasolabial folds from top to bottom using moderate pressure, as if you were smoothing them out. Complete the exercise.
- Place one palm on the other and on the temporal area, apply pressure, moving towards the ear. Complete the exercise with one hand, and with the other make smoothing movements in the direction of the chin, along the lower jaw.
- With one palm, fix the cheek muscle near the corners of the mouth. Using light pressure on the skin, smoothly move your palm towards the top of the ear. Perform the finishing movement.
Before performing Asahi massage exercises, we recommend watching video tutorials or visiting a massage therapist.
For a thin face
The active effects on the skin suggested by the Asahi massage technique model the correct oval of the face and contribute to its weight loss. For those with a naturally thin face, massage is indicated to combat swelling.
A massage exercise against puffiness under the eyes is performed according to the following scheme:
- Perform smooth stroking with the pads of your middle fingers towards the inner corners of the eyes from the outer ones.
- Pause for a few seconds on the bridge of your nose.
- Move in the opposite direction along the upper eyelid (closer to the eyebrow line).
- Pause for 2-3 seconds at the outer corners of your eyes.
- Return to the inner corners of the eye along the lower eyelid. This time the force should be reduced.
- Move towards the outer corners with light pressure.
- Apply targeted pressure to the temples.
- Perform the finishing movement.
Attention! When the problem is solved, stop exercising, and in this case, age-related deficiencies will be corrected by gymnastics. Otherwise, excessive thinness will only add age and emphasize visible defects.
What is Asahi massage for?
The essence of the technique is this: during the massage, blood circulation is stimulated, facial muscles are relaxed, but most importantly, lymph movement improves as a result.
Due to this, it will be possible to achieve the following results:
- increase skin firmness and elasticity;
- improve complexion;
- enhance the effect of care products;
- slow down aging;
- improve tissue nutrition;
- eliminate small expression wrinkles;
- completely remove swelling and puffiness of the face;
- draw out beautiful cheekbones, a chiseled chin.
The effectiveness of the massage depends on how correctly it is performed. It is necessary to take into account absolutely all the details and nuances. Regularity is also important. Like all safe techniques, Zogan massage must be practiced daily for a long time. Only this approach guarantees effectiveness. If you use it once or irregularly, the massage will also be beneficial - puffiness will quickly go away and the appearance of the skin will be refreshed.
But for long-term, sustainable changes, you need to practice massage daily.
What affects the change in the lower third of the face
A person’s emotionality also leaves its mark. His natural expression wrinkles are transformed into static folds that lie in the lip area, pulling them down, giving his face a sad expression. In addition, the shape of the face in general, and the lower third in particular, is extremely influenced by the presence of bruxism (periodically occurring episodes of involuntary contraction of the chewing muscles, accompanied by clenching of the jaw). Prolonged tension of the masticatory muscles visually makes the lower third of the face heavier and leads to a change in the shape of the face. The face of such patients becomes square, in some cases leading to asymmetry. Visually makes the oval heavier and the tension of the platysma muscles becomes heavier. Soft tissues are pulled down, which leads to a change in the shape of the face and asymmetry. In some patients, the chin area becomes heavier due to an increase in the volume of adipose tissue. This can occur due to poor nutrition and lifestyle, and due to genetic predisposition - if the parents also have a pronounced fat trap in the submental area.
The most common patient complaints about changes in the lower third of the face:
- the appearance of wrinkles;
- increased expression of physiological folds;
- drooping corners of the mouth and decreased lip volume;
- changing the shape of the chin;
- soft tissue ptosis;
- deformation of the oval of the face.
The most common wishes of patients for correction:
- provide lifting of soft tissues of the face;
- reduce the depth of folds and wrinkles;
- improve the oval of the face;
- change (reduce or increase) the width of the face;
- raise the corners of the mouth;
- adjust the shape of the lips and chin;
- harmonize appearance (for example, create a more feminine, sensual image).
At what age can you practice massage?
There is an opinion that Asahi facial massage is a procedure that should be started after the first signs of aging appear. In fact, this is not so, the technique comprehensively solves facial problems and can be used much earlier, from 16-18 years old, but not on an ongoing basis. The sooner the massage is started, the longer the skin will remain elastic, fresh and beautiful.
How many sessions will it take?
The number and frequency of sessions are determined by the degree of the problem, as well as the choice of massage technique. Asahi massage movements after 45 years of age in order to correct imperfections on the face are recommended to be performed twice a day, every day. After a month, reduce the intensity of exposure to 2-3 times a week.
Asahi massage for facial rejuvenation after 40 and 45 years is somewhat different (pattern of massage movements, pressure pressure), so there is no difference in the quantity and frequency of performance. Visit intensive care at least twice a year.
The following actions will help to consolidate and delay the achieved effect longer:
- adjust your diet by filling your diet with vitamin-rich foods, vegetables and fruits, excluding alcohol, fried and salty foods;
- use high-quality cosmetics, taking into account age and skin type;
- Be less nervous, watch your facial expressions, don’t squint, don’t wrinkle your forehead;
- Gymnastics for the face (face building) will be useful and effective.
Contraindications
Lymphatic drainage facial massage is allowed for almost all people, but there are diseases and conditions in which it can harm not only the skin, but also negatively affect the condition of the entire body.
Contraindications to massage:
- acne;
- all types of dermatitis;
- neuralgic diseases of the face;
- diseases of the lymphatic system;
- oncological diseases of any localization;
- acute infectious diseases;
- rosacea;
- face too thin;
- blood diseases.
In addition, doctors recommend temporarily abstaining from massage during menstruation, as there is a risk of developing uterine bleeding. After the end of the critical days, you can resume the practice.
In some cases, for example, in the presence of chronic skin diseases, Zogan massage is allowed during the remission stage, but it is important to consult with your doctor. A seemingly harmless procedure can easily lead to an exacerbation of existing problems or even a deterioration in well-being.
What methods are used to correct the lower third of the face?
For general lifting – Altera circular lift
Ultherapy Ultherapy (ultrasonic SMAS lifting) is the best procedure today for non-surgical circular facelift using focused ultrasound. It not only affects the superficial layers of the skin, but also reaches the SMAS layer (superficial muscular aponeurotic system). Plastic surgeons performing surgical circumferential facelifts also work with this layer. Such lifting can remove gravitational ptosis - a natural process caused by weakening of the ligamentous apparatus with age. Altera is also the best procedure for reducing the volume of subcutaneous fat, tightening soft tissues, and forming clear facial contours. Tissue tightening occurs using focused ultrasound, which has the ability to penetrate to a depth of 4-4.5 mm. Ultrasound heats the subcutaneous layers. When the temperature rises there, the collagen fibers and connective tissue of the fatty layers thicken. The skin begins to tighten. And in order for the effect to be natural and long-lasting, an internal renewal process begins in the skin. Altera is a one-time procedure with no seasonal restrictions and no rehabilitation period. Immediately after the procedure, you can return to your normal lifestyle. After the procedure, the skin renewal process continues for 2-3 months, after which the patient’s appearance is radically transformed! The effect of the procedure lasts up to 5 years!
For lifting the double chin and neck
If you already have a double chin or the skin under the lower jaw and flabby neck, you can do without thread lifting. For example, SoftLift threads can be used, which are produced by an international holding company in factories in Italy, Japan, Korea, and Russia. The most advanced materials and technologies from around the world are used in the manufacturing process. Thus, SoftLift threads have a decay period of 400 days, while analogues have only 180 days. The technique allows you to move and tighten facial tissues very delicately. The threads also have a pronounced reinforcing effect, that is, they trigger the process of natural skin rejuvenation. The procedure lasts no more than an hour and does not require general anesthesia. There is no rehabilitation period. The threads are inserted into the tissue using special atraumatic innovative conductors (cannulas). The result is achieved in just one procedure, after which you can return to your daily activities.
To correct the area under the lower jaw, SOFT LIFT INVISIBLE threads are used - self-absorbing threads consisting of 80 percent polylactic acid and 20 percent polycaproloctone. These are reinforcing threads. Their main tasks are: prevention of aging, tissue revitalization, creating the basis for the formation of a supporting frame. Polylactic acid, in turn, has high regenerative properties and stimulates the active production of collagen and elastin. After this, the skin begins to tighten, thicken, and return to its youthful state.
These threads also have a lifting effect. They are distinguished by a strong grip, stronger than their analogues. The thread is located in the cannula, which ensures a non-traumatic procedure.
Gutsenko Liliya Anatolevna
Cosmetologist
Italian caprolactone self-absorbing threads with notches for lifting soft tissues Dermafil Happy Lift (Dermafil Happy Lift) have a herringbone shape with very small, almost invisible notches (teeth). When inserted under the skin, the threads are attached with the help of teeth to the soft tissues. Thus, they form a supporting frame that tightens the contours and prevents the displacement of tissues and threads to other areas.
The Double Needle thread was created for chin correction. This bidirectional thread with converging notches allows you to quickly and effectively tighten the skin under the lower jaw and model a clear oval face. The lifting effect is visible immediately, and caprolactone, which the thread consists of, promotes the formation of new collagen, elastin, and hyaluronic acid in the skin. Introduction Dermafil Happy Lift is considered one of the safest lifting methods. There is no surgical intervention, so there are no scars left on the skin. The threads are inserted to a depth of 3-5 millimeters, so damage to large vessels or nerve endings is avoided. Facial expressions are completely preserved. The recovery process proceeds very quickly, since no serious tissue injury occurs. The effect of thread lifting will last up to 5 years or more.
From the South Korean Bios line (Bio s line), mesothreads with multidirectional teeth on the cannula are suitable for correcting a double chin. They perfectly correct the oval of the face and tighten the double chin area well. Multidirectional notches ideally fix the threads in soft tissues, preventing them from moving and slipping.
French non-absorbable threads Spring Thread are good for removing a double chin, especially in older patients. They are made of polyester fiber, durable, but at the same time flexible, elastic, ideally adapt to the features of the face. Spring Trad fixes fabrics better, does not slip, and does not sag, because there are 24 teeth per centimeter, and not 5, as usual. The teeth have rounded ends and are covered with a silicone shell. They are located along the entire circumference, at an angle to the surface. Therefore, they do not injure soft tissues; they are perceived by the skin as natural structures. Reliably fixing the tissue, these threads do not disturb natural facial expressions. The result lasts for more than 5 years. And with regular visits to a cosmetologist and additional anti-aging procedures, you can increase the lifting effect for several more years.
For sculpting - bringing out clear lines of the chin and harmonizing the appearance Dense modern fillers with a sculpting effect help to bring out clear lines, add volume where needed, and remove where it is not needed. These include the German Radiesse, the Dutch Ellanse and the American Sculptra.
Radiesse based on calcium hydroxyapatite can not only smooth the skin, but also activate the process of producing new collagen in it. Accordingly, a powerful internal rejuvenation process occurs in the tissues. This gel is dense, so with its help you can completely harmonize your appearance - the drug is injected into certain areas, which is why the face begins to appear thinner. In this case, the smallest anatomical features of the face are taken into account. The first result is visible immediately after the procedure. Radiesse is evenly distributed in empty areas of the subcutaneous layer, returning the tissues an aesthetically attractive, but not excessive, volume.
2-3 months after injection, macrophages (utilizer cells in the skin) absorb the carrier gel. Calcium microspheres remain, which stimulate the production of new collagen. After administration of the drug, the face will look young and healthy for at least 2 years. Longer-lasting effects are also noted.
Ellans is a drug based on polycaprolactone. Polycaprolactone is one of the types of biodegradable polymer materials actively used for applying surgical sutures. Polycaprolactone-based filler is used for volumetric corrections, including chin correction, elimination of a “double chin,” and also for smoothing out scar defects.
The advantage of the drug is that with its help the effect obtained is maintained for a long time - up to 3 years or more. The main active ingredient of Sculptra is polylactic acid. This is a powerful biostimulator of collagen types 1 and 3. It is also called “young collagen”. After the introduction of polylactic acid, the skin is noticeably tightened, deep folds and wrinkles disappear. Polylactic acid is a safe component. Over time, it completely disintegrates and is eliminated from the body naturally.
The effect after injections lasts for 2 or more years. From time to time, the patient may need to administer 1-2 additional bottles to look perfect. Estefil (AestheFill) also belongs to polylactic acid preparations. As soon as this hydrogel enters the skin, it begins to actively fill the voids that form as a result of skin aging and the loss of its own structural proteins. Once in the target area, the drug particles begin an immediate process of tissue renewal and collagen formation, due to which the volume is completely replenished and even deep wrinkles are smoothed out. This happens precisely because of the special properties of Estefil molecules, which, due to their porous structure, provide the most effective collagenogenesis. Fibroblasts (skin cells) begin to work both outside and inside the microspheres.
In addition, polylactic acid actively stimulates the production of hyaluronic acid by mature skin cells. The uniqueness of the filler is that after the disintegration and complete removal of its main active substance from the body (on average, this process takes 3–4 months), what remains at the location of the gel is not a void, but new collagen and elastin. Accordingly, the result will last a long time - until the moment when, under the influence of age factors, the breakdown of your own collagen and elastin begins.
Sometimes the mental area is negatively assessed by the patient himself if it has features perceived as defects (too large or too small, unclear boundaries, too protruding chin, the presence of local fat deposits in the submental area). In this case, the main task of correction is to remove those features that are perceived sharply negatively by the patient. However, changing the shape of the chin can lead to a visual reduction in the size of the lips or a change in the visualization of their shape. Therefore, correction of the chin area is most often carried out together with lip correction - simultaneously or in stages. During the work, special attention is paid to correcting the labiomental fold if it is excessively pronounced or its location and unevenness lead to a distortion in the perception of the shape of the face. In some cases, it can emphasize asymmetry or create the illusion of a pronounced limitation of the chin, thereby shortening the face and creating the impression of incompleteness. In this situation, correction of the labiomental fold is also carried out with fillers (Radiesse, Ellans, Sculptra).
“Marionette” wrinkles, running from the corners of the mouth to the chin, most often occur after 30-35 years of age due to age-related structural changes in tissue and gravitational ptosis. “Unfriendly” wrinkles turn into creases over time, creating a feeling of sadness on the face. Their formation may also be a consequence of hyperactivity of the muscles that depress the corners of the mouth, which is easily eliminated by the injection of botulinum toxin. The corners of the mouth are raised, due to this shallow wrinkles can be smoothed out, and more pronounced folds are filled with filler. To reduce fat deposits in the chin area Fat deposits under the lower jaw and double chin, as mentioned above, appear either due to poor diet and lifestyle, or due to hereditary factors. To correct this deficiency, you first need to break down the accumulated fat.
For this purpose, a technology that uses ultrasound is suitable - Ultraliposonic. This is the latest development that combines non-surgical liposuction with RF lifting. Using ultrasound, subcutaneous fat is destroyed and then eliminated naturally through the lymphatic system. The RF attachment significantly speeds up this process, improving lymph flow and blood circulation and warming up the tissue well.
Liposuction using the Ultraliposonic device does not require incisions, and therefore does not leave any marks on the skin. To achieve the effect, 3-5 procedures will be required. In order to speed up the removal of fat cell breakdown products, A Clinic doctors recommend microcurrent therapy. For example, using a French device and medicinal cosmetics Biogenie. Biozhenya microcurrents are unique in that they provide cellular detox, restore cell membrane potential, stimulate fibroblast activity, accelerate the resolution of melanin to lighten the skin and increase immunity. This helps restore tone, microcirculation and tissue hydration. The currents act gently and painlessly, which allows you to work on sensitive areas (the neck is one of them). Thanks to cosmetics specially developed by the Biozheni laboratory and a special shape of electrodes, the procedure turns into a real pleasure. Cosmetics use a large percentage of natural ingredients and rare plant extracts (extract of blue lotus, orchid, edelweiss, Asian centela, wild rose, aloe vera, calendula), as well as elastin of marine origin, hyaluronic acid obtained by biofermentation, and collagen of plant origin.
The first stage includes traditional French aesthetic lymphatic drainage massage techniques with hands and machine manipulas, which improve lymph circulation and provide detoxification. Eliminating toxins allows skin cells to be better oxygenated and regenerate more easily. After toxins and excess fluid are removed, the skin immediately takes on a healthy appearance and even tone. The second stage is nourishing and strengthening the skin with the help of professional Biozheni cosmetics. A noticeable lifting effect immediately appears, sagging and wrinkles are reduced.
There are different Biogeni rejuvenation programs that last from 15 to 35 minutes. The recommended course is 4-5 sessions. Lipolytic cocktails will further help break down fat cells and remove waste products from the body. Lipolytic cocktails are one of the components of popular mesotherapy. Drainage components of cocktails, consisting of extracts of various plants - from green tea to artichokes - speed up the work of lymph flow: so that what has been destroyed comes out better. And L-carnitine is an amino acid, a natural substance related to B vitamins, which promotes the rapid conversion of fats into energy. The level of lipids (fat-like substances that make up cells) is also normalized.
Preparation
The result of the massage depends not only on the accuracy of the movements, but also on the preparatory stage.
For the procedure to go well, you must first perform the following steps:
- cleanse your face well using cleansing gel or micellar water;
- steam the skin so that the pores can breathe;
- Apply a massage product selected according to your skin type.
You can start applying the product along the massage lines, but the movements should be soft. This will warm up the skin before the main set of movements.
Expected effect
Facial massage is a set of exercises and movements that can increase muscle tone and affect the speed of metabolic processes and regeneration. The primary task of massaging the skin is to speed up blood circulation, get rid of possible stagnation of lymph (intercellular fluid), and strengthen the facial muscles.
1-2 weeks after the first massage session you will notice significant changes:
- skin regeneration is enhanced, the natural rejuvenation process is launched;
- internal processes in the cells of the epidermis and the work of the sebaceous glands are normalized;
- improves and evens out complexion;
- fine wrinkles are smoothed out, and deep ones become less noticeable;
- tightening the muscle frame, strengthening the facial muscles;
- has a pronounced lifting effect;
- skin tone and turgor increases;
- sagging and looseness of tissues decreases.
You can enjoy a long-lasting, noticeable effect only with regular massage treatments; a one-time session cannot solve skin problems. It is better to include massage exercises in facial care.
There are many options for rejuvenating massages; Japanese massage from Asahi Zogan is especially popular. The massage technique differs from the usual classic massage:
- A large role is given to biologically active points and lymph flow lines. In the classic version, the master performs stroking and kneading, taking into account massage lines.
- Pressure is performed with the palm or pads of several fingers simultaneously.
- Particular attention is aimed at removing toxins and waste from epidermal cells, eliminating lymph congestion. After 45, toxins and lymph stagnation inhibit the natural regeneration of the integument.
One more moment! Asahi massage after 45 and 40 years is different, this is due to severe skin problems in patients. After 40, special emphasis is placed on solving problems around the eyes, mouth, and eliminating facial wrinkles. As for the massage actions of more mature skin, the master concentrates on the lifting effect, the fight against sagging cheeks, and a double chin.
Choosing a massage product
To perform daily facial massage using Zogan technology, you need to choose a massage oil or milk that suits your skin type. Depending on your skin type and existing problems, you need to choose a massage product that will complement and enhance the effect of the massage.
Here are the best options:
- oat milk - to improve complexion and active nutrition;
- coconut oil – to eliminate wrinkles and improve skin elasticity;
- flaxseed oil – eliminates puffiness, evens out skin tone;
- cosmetic cream – for dry and sensitive skin;
- avocado oil to tighten the contour, eliminate deep wrinkles;
- apricot oil for those with oily skin.
The best way to choose an effective massage product is to consult a cosmetologist. After diagnosing the skin condition, the specialist will recommend the best option that will help achieve maximum results in combination with massage.
Features of mature skin
Skin is an external expression of internal changes in the body, the functioning of organs and systems. Medicine claims that after 40, the process of involution, the reverse development of organs, occurs. Maintaining the same skin condition requires more effort and natural resources than in youth.
Over time, the skin becomes thinner, and the thickness of the muscle fibers decreases. Epidermal cells produce fewer proteins that build the muscular framework of the face, so it is not possible to maintain the integument in tone; they seem to “float” down, forming jowls and a double chin. The first signs of tissue sagging are drooping corners of the mouth and eyes.
Dryness and flaking are another characteristic feature of mature skin, caused by a decrease in mucopolysaccharides (component of the intercellular substance, connective tissue of the integument). Thin, moisture-deprived skin reacts sensitively to solar ultraviolet radiation, chemical components of cosmetics, and a lack of vitamins and microelements in the body.
What problems does a woman face after 40:
- skin hyperpigmentation, appearance of brown spots;
- manifestation of rosacea in the form of spider veins;
- bags, swelling under the eyes, swelling of the upper eyelid in 35%;
- feeling of tightness, unusual dryness of the skin;
- furrows, deep wrinkles on the forehead;
- a cobweb of wrinkles around the eyes and lips;
- pronounced nasolabial folds;
- porosity, looseness of the skin;
- a “floating” oval, drooping corners of the eyes and mouth - after 40, according to experts, a little more than half of the facial tissues are covered by ptosis.
After 45, the situation with the skin becomes more complicated: itching and discomfort appear, acne becomes a frequent guest, and hopes for a clear contour melt away before our eyes. This is facilitated by changes in a woman’s hormonal background (menopause). Special medications will help smooth out the hormonal surge, and massage and high-quality cosmetics will help reduce the risk of sudden skin aging.
Negative consequences
Lymphatic drainage facial massage has very contradictory reviews. This is not surprising - there are two reasons why the rejuvenation technique may not work. First, there were contraindications to the use of the Zogan technique. Second, the massage was performed incorrectly.
If mistakes were made or warnings regarding contraindications were ignored, the consequences could be as follows:
- rash;
- irritation;
- swelling;
- excessive facial weight loss;
- general deterioration of health;
- exacerbation of ENT diseases.
In order not to harm yourself, you should not use the Zogan technique if there are contraindications. You also need to strictly adhere to the massage rules.
results
Yukuko Tanaka's anti-aging massage will not turn back time, but it can help you fight the aging process on your face. Cosmetologists and dermatologists highlight 7 advantages of lymphomassage:
- getting rid of puffiness;
- improved blood circulation;
- skin detoxification;
- smoothing facial wrinkles;
- elimination of flabbiness;
- restoration of natural skin color;
- alignment of the oval of the face;
- getting rid of double chin.
Japanese Asahi facial massage is an effective procedure, the effect of which can be seen in the photo before and after the gymnastics course. It seems these women managed to look 10 years younger:
Opinion of cosmetologist Olga Fem:
Self-massage of the face ZOGAN (ASAHI) - PROS and CONS
Who is Yukuko Tanaka
Yukuko Tanaka is a famous makeup artist and photographer in Japan. For many years she applied makeup to girls and adult women, trying to hide the imperfections of their faces under a layer of decorative cosmetics.
Tanaka gave her regular clients a classic facial massage before her main job, but did not see any positive results. And then she began to seriously study the problem - for example, the makeup artist found out how the facial muscles actually work, what is the meaning of the lymphatic vessels in certain areas.
The result of gaining such in-depth knowledge and gaining personal experience was the anti-aging facial massage technique. It has become popular not only in Japan, but also in other countries of the world.